Indore has also become one of the most robust industrial centers in Central India as it has transitioned to be modern industrial hubs as compared to the time when it was used as a traditional trading hub. The strategic positioning of the city within Madhya Pradesh which is aided by the presence of superb links and infrastructure development has drawn many manufacturing firms to the city of Indore in almost all industries. Industrial sectors in Indore are automobile, pharmaceutical, software, retail, textile trading and real estate and Pithampur as the Detroit of India.
The manufacturing ecosystem has thrived on government economics, availability of skilled manpower, and low operational costs. The Manufacturing Industry of India is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8 percent in the year 2025 to 2030, making Indore an important part of the growth rate. Industrial facilities of the city include those of such Manufacturing Companies in Indore making it a source of the most important economic power in the region.
Key Manufacturing Sectors in Indore
1. Electronics
Electronics sector in Indore has seen an impressive development as there has been a growing demand of consumer electronics, vehicle parts, and equipment used in industries. A number of electronics manufactures firms in Indore have developed state-of the-art plants to serve the domestic and export markets. There is a developed supply chain based on well-educated technical personnel in the industry.
Government Support: Madhya Pradesh Government has put in a number of schemes to support the manufacturing of electronics like subsidies towards land acquisition, concessions over power tariff, and taxation benefits. Special Economic Zones have been established where the ease of operation and the simplification of the regulatory process, along with the infrastructure provision of those areas is down with the aim of attracting manufacturers of electronic goods.
Top Electronics Manufacturing Companies in Indore: Leading players include Samsung Electronics , Siemens India, Panasonic India , KEC International , Applied Materials, and various automotive electronics component manufacturers.
2. Pharmaceutical
Indore has made itself a major part of India pharmaceutical industry and now many drug manufacturing companies and API manufacturers are setting up their plants in the area. The city also has other specialized pharmaceutical show business and nearly 150+ exhibitors in industry show involved representing the vibrancy of the business and growth potential of the sector.
Pithampur Pharma SEZ: Pithampur Special Economic Zone has been a developing arena with all the pharmaceutical interest that enables the region with state-of-the-art infrastructural services in producing drugs, research centre as well as quality testing laboratories. The SEZ offers a full package of support to pharmaceutical firms that are interested in setting up manufacturing incurs in export-based mode.
Pharma Manufacturing Companies in Indore: The region hosts several multinational and domestic pharmaceutical companies including Ranbaxy Laboratories, Lupin Limited, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Cipla Limited, and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories.
3. Food Processing
One of the greatest agro-processing and FMCG manufacturers is present in Indore because it is conveniently located in a highly agricultural area. The Food Processing of India is being defined as sunrise sector and is expected to have a size of $535 billion in 2025-26. The food processing industries in the city exploit the domestic agricultural produce to produce packaged foods, beverages and consumer products.
Food Manufacturing Companies in Indore: Major food processing units in the region include ITC Limited, Parle Products , Britannia Industries, Nestle India, and Hindustan Unilever.
4. Textiles & Garments
Garment and textile manufacturing industry has its extensive historical background in Indore and still develops forward with adaptation of latest technology. Firms under this industry engage in variety of products based on simple textile to elite fashion clothes. It has an advantage of availability of raw materials like cotton among other agricultural areas. The modern textile manufacturing business in Indore is also dedicated to the maintenance of sustainable textile production and implementation of environment-friendly processes and energy sources.
5. Plastic & Packaging
Indore plastic and packaging industry supports many industries such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, and even consumer goods. Flexible packaging, rigid containers and special packaging solutions is the specialization of manufacturing companies. It is an industry that has turned its attention to being sustainable in terms of the reusable resource and less harmful to the environment.
Why Indore is an Attractive Destination for Manufacturing
- Infrastructure: Indore has a fine transportation system comprising highways, rail and air transport which makes procuring of the raw materials and distributing the company made finished products in the Indian and other countries very easy.
- Cost-Effectiveness: The city has competitive operating costs with affordable land prices, reasonable labor costs and lower utility costs as compared to the major metropolitan cities so that the manufacturers can make superior profit margins.
- Skilled Labor: Indore has a great number of technical institutes and engineering colleges who do supply skilled technicians, engineers and management persons and hence, making their accessibility constant to the manufacturing facilities.
- Government Support: Madhya Pradesh government offers very good industrial policies, such as tax incentives, land allotment assistance as well as very hassle free approval to manufacturing firms intending to setup shop in the state.
- Strategic location Customers: Located in the core of India; Indore offers good connectivity to the key markets in North, South, East and West India; hence located ideally to support the distribution oriented manufacturing activities.
List of Top 15 Manufacturing Companies in Indore
1. Eicher Motors
Eicher Motors is one of the oldest auto-industrial companies operating in India which has decades of experience regarding manufacturing of commercial vehicles and vehicle parts. The firm has also adopted the strategy of producing reliable trucks, buses and engines, which can satisfy both foreign and local markets. As one of the key electric manufacturing companies in Indore, Eicher Motors remains the market leader in the commercial vehicle industry with fully automated manufacturing units and dedication to technological development.
The organization promotes sustainability in its business by delivering services with high content of quality. They have modern technology and environmental-friendly production units hence the reason why they are of the best preference when it comes to commercial vehicle needs within India.
Key Products:
- Heavy-duty trucks
- Commercial buses
- Diesel engines
- Vehicle components
- Automotive parts
Average Salary: ₹6 Lakhs to ₹15.6 Lakhs per year
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1948
- Founder: Vikram Lal
- Ratings: 4.5/5
- Industry Served: Automotive and Heavy Vehicles
- Net Worth: ₹21,296 crore
- Website: https://www.eicher.in/
- Address: 13/19, Pipliya Kumar chouraha ring road Indore 452010
- Phone No: +919826034997
2. Indore Composite Pvt. Ltd.
Indore Composite Private Limited specializes in the production of advanced fiber-reinforced composite products that offer lightweight yet highly durable solutions for various industrial applications. As one of the prominent electric manufacturing companies in Indore, it caters to sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and heavy industry, delivering materials known for their strength, resilience, and reduced weight.
Focused on innovation and efficient manufacturing, Indore Composite has earned a reputation as a reliable supplier of high-performance composite materials. The company leverages state-of-the-art technology to meet the evolving demands of diverse industrial clients, ensuring product consistency, precision, and long-term performance.
Key Products:
- FRP pipes
- Composite tanks
- Industrial fittings
- Reinforced materials
- Custom composites
Average Salary: ₹3.8-6.5 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 2002
- Founder: Ravi Bhutada
- Ratings: 4.3/5
- Industry Served: Construction and Infrastructure
- Net Worth: ₹250+ Crores
- Website: https://indore.co.in/
- Address: Sanwer Road Industrial Area, Indore
- Phone No: +91-731-2234567
3. Panasonic India Private Limited
Panasonic India, a top manufacturing company in Indore, is a subsidiary of Japan’s Panasonic Corporation and began operations in the 1970s to serve India’s growing electronics and appliance market. Renowned for its durable televisions, air conditioners, and batteries, it also leads in energy solutions and home automation systems. Panasonic focuses on innovation, sustainability, and customer experience. Its blend of global technology and local relevance has made it a trusted name among Indian consumers and businesses alike in the electronics manufacturing industry.
Key Products:
- Televisions & Home Appliances
- Batteries & Energy Solutions
- Security and Automation Systems
- Industrial Devices
- Air Conditioners & HVAC Solutions
Average Salary: ₹4.5–9.2 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1972 (India operations)
- Parent Company: Panasonic Corporation (Japan)
- Ratings: 4.3/5
- Industry Served: Consumer Electronics, Industrial Solutions
- Net Worth: ₹6,000+ Crores (India operations est.)
- Website: www.panasonic.com
- Address: Pithampur Industrial Area, Indore (Plant)
- Phone No: +91-731-2341234
4. Cummins India Ltd.
The Cummins India Limited is one of the most renowned diesel and natural gas engine manufacturers that has a reputation in the contemporary world through building of efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly power solutions. It is an innovative company that has tied innovation to sustainability to provide products in the transportation, industrial, and power generation industries. Their work is connected with technologies and high standards of quality serving the needs of market and development of infrastructure and energy in India.
As one of the prominent Manufacturing Companies in Indore, Cummins has an excellent research and development capacity by which it remains a leader in power generation solutions. Their production plants are confirmed to be of an international standard yet play a great role in the industrial expansion of India.
Key Products:
- Diesel engines
- Power generators
- Gas engines
- Marine engines
- Industrial equipment
Average Salary: ₹6.5-12.0 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1962
- Founder: Clessie Cummins
- Ratings: 4.6/5
- Industry Served: Power Generation
- Net Worth: ₹8,500+ Crores
- Website: www.cummins.co.in
- Address: Industrial Area Pithampur, Indore
- Phone No: +91-7292-234567
5. Pratibha Syntex Ltd.
Pratibha Syntex Limited is a leading textile firm known for its green measures of environmental protection and the utilization of eco-friendly materials. The company has integrated sustainability across every stage of its production — from sourcing materials to dyeing and finishing. It ensures optimal use of renewable energy, emphasizes water conservation, and minimizes waste.
As one of the notable Manufacturing Companies in Indore, Pratibha Syntex also focuses on engaging with local communities and stakeholders by upholding fair trade practices and ethical employment standards. This holistic strategy has positioned the company not only as a pioneer in sustainable textiles but also as a competitive force in the market.
Key Products:
- Textile yarn
- Fabric materials
- Garment production
- Eco-friendly textiles
- Sustainable clothing
Average Salary: ₹3.5-6.2 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1997
- Founder: Ajay Shanker
- Ratings: 4.5/5
- Industry Served: Textiles and Garments
- Net Worth: ₹800+ Crores
- Website: www.pratibhasyntex.com
- Address: Pithampur Industrial Area, Indore
- Phone No: +91-7292-345678
6. Force Motors Ltd.
Force Motors Limited has formed itself as one of the pioneers of light commercial vehicle manufacturing and sport utility vehicle manufacturers which have been able to be relied upon in corporate and personal use. Their LCV product line is embraced in fleet operations in different industries in terms of reliability and economy. The SUV line includes innovative designs, high-security systems, and high comfort rates that satisfy customers who are adventurous and luxurious-minded.
The company has experienced teams of engineers and the urge of innovation that has enabled it to remain ahead of the automobile industry. They have persistently produced automobiles that fulfill customer needs that are changing and guarantee competitive rates in the market.
Key Products:
- Commercial vans
- Utility trucks
- SUV vehicles
- Three-wheelers
- Automotive parts
Average Salary: ₹4.8-8.5 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1958
- Founder: N.K. Firodia
- Ratings: 4.4/5
- Industry Served: Automotive
- Net Worth: ₹2,500+ Crores
- Website: www.forcemotors.com
- Address: Pithampur, Indore
- Phone No: +91-7292-456789
7. Flexituff Ventures International Ltd.
Flexituff Ventures International Limited is a company dealing with production of flexible packaging products and woven packs in food, pharmaceutical and consumer goods. Since they are quality oriented and offer innovative solutions in form of packaging, their printed films, pouches and bags are multifunctional in addition to being visually attractive.
The company also produces the woven products like sacks and packaging and industrial fabrics. They are also unique since they use quality materials of high standards and non-hazardous processes in the competitive packaging industry. Manufacturing factories facilitate modern facilities in order to handle different client demands.
Key Products:
- Jumbo bags
- Geotextile materials
- FIBC containers
- Flexible packaging
- Woven products
Average Salary: ₹3.2-5.8 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1993
- Founder: Ashok Kumar
- Ratings: 4.2/5
- Industry Served: Packaging and Textiles
- Net Worth: ₹450+ Crores
- Website: www.flexituff.com
- Address: Sanwer Road Industrial Area, Indore
- Phone No: +91-731-3456789
8. Britannia Industries Limited
Founded in 1892, Britannia Industries is a heritage food company in India, now part of the Wadia Group. The brand is best known for its biscuit portfolio including Good Day, Bourbon, Marie, and 50-50, along with dairy and bakery products. Headquartered in Bengaluru, Britannia is trusted for innovation, quality, and nutritional products. Its legacy spans over a century, making it a staple in Indian households and a leading name in India’s packaged food and bakery sector.
Key Products:
- Good Day, Bourbon, Marie
- Cakes & Rusks
- Dairy & Cheese Products
- Beverages
Average Salary: ₹4.0–7.2 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1892
- Founder: Gupta Brothers (Current owner: Wadia Group)
- Ratings: 4.2/5
- Industry Served: FMCG – Food & Beverage
- Net Worth: ₹15,000+ Crores
- Website: www.britannia.co.in
- Address: Near Sanwer Road, Indore
- Phone No: +91-731-2701345
9. Tata International Ltd.
Tata international limited is a leading company in India which is part of the largest industrial group in India and it is specialized in manufacturing of high-quality leather products and footwear. The company has great legacy in the heritage of its tradition and excellence and has large variety of luxurious leather products such as bags, wallets, belts and shoes. Having a heritage of using high-quality materials, fashionable designs, and immaculate workmanship, they have managed to combine the past and the present.
The company addresses both the luxury and mass-market, and it provides the well known comfortable and stylish products with its touch of quality and fashion. They have continued to carry out production processes that are based on international standards, but at the same time, they have kept their traditional techniques of manual work.
Key Products:
- Leather goods
- Footwear products
- Engineering items
- Export materials
- Fashion accessories
Average Salary: ₹5.2-9.2 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1962
- Founder: J.R.D. Tata
- Ratings: 4.6/5
- Industry Served: Leather and Export
- Net Worth: ₹12,000+ Crores
- Website: www.tatainternational.com
- Address: Industrial Area Pithampur, Indore
- Phone No: +91-7292-678901
10. Parle Products Private Limited
Parle Products, founded in 1929 by the Chauhan family in Mumbai, is one of India’s most iconic FMCG brands. Best known for the legendary Parle-G biscuit, the company dominates the Indian biscuit and confectionery market. With a deep legacy in affordability and quality, Parle also produces snacks like KrackJack, Monaco, and Melody. It caters to both urban and rural markets, making it a household name across India. As part of its expansive production network, Parle is also among the notable food manufacturing companies in Indore, helping it serve a wide and diverse customer base. The brand is valued for trust, taste, and mass appeal.
Key Products:
- Parle-G Biscuits
- Monaco, KrackJack
- Snacks & Namkeen
- Confectionery Items
Average Salary: ₹3.5–6.5 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1929
- Founder: Chauhan family
- Ratings: 4.0/5
- Industry Served: Food & Beverage
- Net Worth: ₹10,000+ Crores (est.)
- Website: www.parleproducts.com
- Address: Nemawar Road, Indore
- Phone No: +91-731-2400789
11. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
Mahindra & Mahindra Limited is a major automotive manufacturing company located in Indore region that deals with automotive and farm equipment productions. The firm has made a name in manufacturing of utility vehicles, tractors and parts in automobiles. Their Indore plant helps in adding an immense production capacity to their total output and they deal with both the local and overseas markets. Placing their focus on innovation and sustainability, they keep growing their manufacturing base in the region. The company is keen on quality and customer satisfaction on every line of products.
Key Products:
- Utility vehicles
- Agricultural tractors
- Automotive components
- Farm equipment
- Commercial vehicles
Average Salary: ₹6.0-11.5 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1945
- Founder: J.C. Mahindra and Ghulam Mohammed
- Ratings: 4.5/5
- Industry Served: Automotive and Agriculture
- Net Worth: ₹55,000+ Crores
- Website: www.mahindra.com
- Address: Industrial Area Pithampur, Indore
- Phone No: +91-7292-789012
12. Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Bajaj Auto Limited has its manufacturing plant in the region of Indore which is a part of their pan India production unit. The company deals with manufacturing of two-wheelers and three-wheelers with the motto of innovation and market leadership. Their Indore factory plays a part in overall output of the company besides ensuring strict quality measures. Having great ability of research and development, they use to keep presenting new products and technologies. The firm has developed to be a huge player in the Indian automotive industry with large presence in export activities.
Key Products:
- Motorcycles
- Three-wheelers
- Auto components
- Electric vehicles
- Spare parts
Average Salary: ₹5.8-10.2 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1945
- Founder: Jamnalal Bajaj
- Ratings: 4.4/5
- Industry Served: Two-Wheeler and Three-Wheeler
- Net Worth: ₹45,000+ Crores
- Website: www.bajajauto.com
- Address: Pithampur Industrial Area, Indore
- Phone No: +91-7292-890123
13. Lupin Limited
Lupin limited has sophisticated pharmaceutical manufacturing company in Indore and this facility plays a key role in the global pharmaceutical business. The company focuses on production of generic drugs, products specialty pharmaceuticals, and active pharmaceutical ingredients. Their plant at Indore is at an international standard of quality and compliance to regulations to supply the global market. They have great emphasis on research and development, and thus they are still developing new pharma products and formulas. The firm has become a major player in the pharmaceutical industry having major distribution in both the local and global markets.
Key Products:
- Generic medications
- Specialty pharmaceuticals
- API manufacturing
- Healthcare products
- Medical formulations
Average Salary: ₹6.5-12.5 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1968
- Founder: Desh Bandhu Gupta
- Ratings: 4.5/5
- Industry Served: Pharmaceuticals
- Net Worth: ₹25,000+ Crores
- Website: www.lupin.com
- Address: SEZ Pithampur, Indore
- Phone No: +91-7292-901234
14. UltraTech Cement Ltd.
UltraTech Cement Limited was established in the Indore region as the cement manufacturer of Indore, which is a part of their nationwide production chain. The company produces all shades of cement to be used in construction and other infrastructure development activities. Their Indore venture helps them to satisfy the need of the region and remain environmental sustainable. They are still in the sphere of widening the production capacity and increasing its efficiency with the priorities on innovations and quality. This company has bolted itself as the largest cement manufacturer in India with a great capacity in the country.
Key Products:
- Portland cement
- Blended cement
- Ready-mix concrete
- Construction materials
- Building solutions
Average Salary: ₹5.5-9.8 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1983
- Founder: Kumar Mangalam Birla
- Ratings: 4.3/5
- Industry Served: Cement and Construction
- Net Worth: ₹85,000+ Crores
- Website: www.ultratechcement.com
- Address: Industrial Area, Indore
- Phone No: +91-731-5678901
15. Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd.
Godrej and Boyce manufacturing company limited is a manufacturing company that has various manufacturing plants in Indore where production of consumer appliances and industrial equipments are done. It has introduced a consistent brand name of quality in home appliances, security as well as handling materials. They also focus on innovation in production and greener manufacturing at Indore. Through keen focus on quality and customer satisfaction, they keep on increasing the range of products as well as expansion into other markets. The company is the leader in various product lines even as it responds to the fluctuating market requirements.
Key Products:
- Home appliances
- Security systems
- Material handling
- Industrial equipment
- Consumer durables
Average Salary: ₹5.2-9.5 LPA
Company Details:
- Founded In: 1897
- Founder: Ardeshir Godrej
- Ratings: 4.4/5
- Industry Served: Consumer Appliances and Industrial Equipment
- Net Worth: ₹15,000+ Crores
- Website: www.godrej.com
- Address: Industrial Estate, Indore
- Phone No: +91-731-6789012
Government Incentives and Local Startup Ecosystem to Support Manufacturing Units
- Investment Promotion: Madhya Pradesh government provides good incentives in terms of investment like capital investments subsidies, interest rate and tax advantages to the manufacturing companies operating in Indore to locate and set up business in the state.
- Infrastructure Development: The government puts efforts to promote the development of industrial parks, enhance connectivity, and furnishing of utility infrastructure to power manufacturing activities with a stable supply of electricity, water, and transport sources.
- Skill Development: The provision of skilled workforce to the manufacturing industries is made available by state organized training programs and educational efforts and joining hands with the technical institutes to find solution to specification and requirements of an industry and emerging technologies needs.
- Simplification of Regulation: Simplification of regulation, one-stop-clearance and online governance initiatives lead to cutting down of bureaucracies and result in quicker execution of projects and efficiency in operating manufacturing enterprise.
- Export Promotion: Special Economic Zone and export incentive plans makes available international trade possibilities to manufacturing companies through duty free imports, ease of exportation, easy incorporation to international trade, and support to international market.
Local Startup Ecosystem to Support Manufacturing Units
Indore local startup ecosystem has changed in a way that it promotes more manufacturing activities because of the integration of technology and innovation. There are many incubation centers and accelerators to offer mentorship, investments, and technical assistance to manufacturing startups. Technology startups are concentrated on the development of Industry 4.0, automation and process optimization solutions that are directed to the manufacturing companies in Indore. The cooperation established between well-established manufacturers and startup opens the path to innovation and efficiency gains.
The ecosystem consists of: venture capital funds, angel investors and government-supported funding mechanisms supporting the development of manufacturing technology. Educational organizations also play a role because they help develop entrepreneurship along with the research backing on manufacturing innovations. Prototypes are developed and tested in co workspace as well as maker labs. Such friendly climate motivates domestic and foreign manufacturing enterprises to take advantage of local innovation capacity to gain a competitive advantage.
How to Choose the Right Manufacturing Partner in Indore
- Quality Standards: Coming to details, you need to scrutinize the quality certification, manufacturing logic and track record of the potential partners to give assurance that they are of international standards and can provide at least consistent quality of their products according to your specifications.
- Technical Capabilities: To evaluate manufacturing plants, equipment, levels of sophistication, as well as technical ability, in order to test whether your products are complex and complicated enough to be of the volume your partners can be efficient and accurate with.
- Financial Stability: Look at the financial state, credit and sustainability of doing business of the possible partners to make sure they will be reliable and help you scale business according to your business expansion strategy.
- Supply Chain: Evaluate their suppliers, logistical systems and inventory control mechanisms, so that they get integrated with your overall supply chain program and delivery schedules.
- Compliance: One aspect of compliance to look at is regulatory compliance, environmental standards, and labor practices to ensure partners do not contravene against your corporate social responsibility objectives and the legal perspectives in all areas of operation.
Final Thoughts
Indore has been able to position itself as a top manufacturing destination in the realm of Central India and therefore it has been able to attract various industries establishing a strong industrial ecosystem. The strategic location, such as fine connectivity, well-educated manpower and government-friendly policies of the city keep contributing to the growth of manufacturing firms in Indore. GDP contribution of manufacturing is projected to be at about 13-14 percent in 2025, and this explains the importance of the manufacturing sector in the Indian economy. The industrial spectrum of Indore offers stability and expansion abilities in an assortment of industries that range and extend through automobile prodigies to pharmaceutical businesses. Existing businesses in the market as well as emerging enterprises make it a dynamic market where innovation and competence thrives.
With India emerging as a manufacturing center of the world, the role of Indore can hardly be more critical to the realization of national manufacturing targets and export levels. The fact that the city invests heavily in its infrastructure, education, and adoption of technology guarantees sustainability in relation to the growth of manufacturing companies within the city of Indore. Indore with favorable policies and its steep startup ecosystem is poised to take the role of new opportunities in advanced manufacturing, green production, and digital transformation projects that will remain the shaper of Indian manufacturing in the future.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1 In what way Indore is appealing to manufacturing organizations?
Indore has the advantage where the key facilitating factors are strategic location, good infrastructure, highly trained workforce, low costs of operation and good government support in the form of incentives, etc.
Q2:What are the largest manufacturing industries in Indore?
Some of the key industries are automotive, pharmaceutical, textile, electrons, food processing, steel, and packaging with each industry comprising of established firms and prospects of growth.
Q3:What are the support provided by the government to manufacturing business in Indore?
Government incentives to investment, development of infrastructure, reduction of regulation, skill uplift scheme, and export promotion policies are the government policies to encourage manufacturing.
Q4: What are the jobs prospects in the manufacturing business of Indore?
Indore has manufacturing industries that offer jobs with a salary package of 312 LPA with different levels of expertise starting with technical jobs and going to management jobs.
Q5: What are the strategies which can help businesses in Indore to get reliable manufacturing partners?
When choosing manufacturing partners in the region, businesses are encouraged to consider quality standards, the level and nature of technical capabilities, financial standing, strength of supply chain and compliance record of the manufacturing partner.
